Kratom: Effect on Brain, Traditional Uses, Side Effects
Particularly in the West, kratom is often used as a recreational drug, where it is perceived as a safe, “legal high” 12. This reputation led to the proposed categorization of kratom as a Schedule I drug by the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 2016, but it garnered little interest among policymakers. Thus, a key contributor to the problem is that kratom remains unrecognized as a controlled substance by the DEA and is therefore not subject to regulation by the US Controlled Substances Act 24. Although it is currently listed on the DEA’s Drugs of Concern registry, this is mostly a symbolic measure and does little to prevent its sale.
kratom
At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for kratom. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. It can cause dependence and withdrawal symptoms when taken regularly. Kratom leaves can be chewed, smoked, brewed into tea, or made into capsules or tablets.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), carisoprodol (Soma), citalopram (Celexa), diazepam (Valium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), phenytoin (Dilantin), warfarin (Coumadin), and many others. A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Practices on PubMed. NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information. It involves taking a scoop of the kratom powder by mouth and drinking water immediately after.
- Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information.
- Taking kratom this way may cause serious side effects such as liver problems and death.
- The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature.
- In addition to its opioid-like analgesic effects, mitragynine appears to block pain signaling through other mechanisms as well, suggesting a multimodal role in regulating pain perception.
As alluded to earlier, the historical record concerning kratom’s potential for dependence and addiction in humans raises strong concerns about its safety 41, 62, 78. However, in many cases the primary motivation among regular users may simply be as a means to prevent exhaustion, and improve energy or mood. In such cases, routine use may not constitute dependence or addiction per se, but rather merely the desire to improve productivity 9. This is in alignment with “drug instrumentation” theories, in which a substance is utilized in a purposeful, goal-directed manner 79, 80. Such theories may account for the low incidence of kratom use disorder and other side effects among traditional users in Southeast Asia 81–85.
Forms of Kratom
It has been used traditionally for managing sleep problems, anxiety, depression, pain, and more. Though it’s unlikely to cause serious side effects when taken in small to moderate amounts, it’s best not to consider taking it regularly or as a remedy for any condition. See a doctor if you think you can’t function without it, or start having withdrawal symptoms such as hostility, nausea, vomiting, chills, and diarrhea after regular kratom use. Not much is known about what’s in kratom, how it may affect a person in the short and long term, and whether it can be used as medicine. The FDA hasn’t approved kratom for pain relief, anxiety, depression, or as a treatment for withdrawal from opioids or other substances. Experts consider kratom an opioid-like substance because it affects your brain’s opioid receptors.
Does kratom work for pain?
It is not yet known how taking this combination might cause seizures. Until more is known, people taking modafinil (Provigil) should avoid using kratom. Some medications changed by the liver include cyclosporin (Neoral, Sandimmune), lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), indinavir (Crixivan), sildenafil (Viagra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
Kratom Benefits
However, data from literature reviews suggest a typical dose range for consumers in the U.S. may be less than a single gram and up to 7 grams based on data from self-reporting study participants. The average dose for nearly half of the participants was reported between 1 and 3 grams per consumption or each time, with most participants reporting daily kratom use. Kratom is native to Southeast Asia and is sold as a tea or in capsules and marketed as a natural stimulant. This herbal product is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Using kratom comes with some risks, too, ranging from nausea and constipation to respiratory depression or slowed breathing. As a medicine, kratom is used for anxiety, cough, depression, diabetes, diarrhea, high blood pressure, pain, to improve sexual performance, and to lessen symptoms of opiate withdrawal.
Today, kava is marketed as beneficial for anxiety, insomnia, stress relief, memory problems, mood regulation, and more. Existing research suggests small benefits for anxiety only, with no evidence supporting other conditions. They misuse it as a way to relax, calm anxiety, treat depression, or self-treat pain. Kratom might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications.
Effects of Kratom Alkaloids In Preclinical Studies
Kratom powder is said to have opioid-like effects and psychostimulant effects. This means the adverse effects of kratom or kratom side effects are also milder in comparison to those of opioids. In certain severe cases, kratom toxicities have resulted in death. In fact, the incidence of kratom-related mortality appears to be rising, according to reporting by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which linked kratom to 152 deaths between 2016 and 2017 96. Importantly, the existence of polysubstance abuse is a key risk factor predisposing patients to toxicity and death and has been estimated to occur in 87% of cases 119. This has led to the belief that death resulting solely from ingestion of kratom is exceedingly rare, even impossible.
- It involves taking a scoop of the kratom powder by mouth and drinking water immediately after.
- The efficacy of kratom for such purposes remains highly questionable, and more research is needed to establish a conclusive answer.
- Such theories may account for the low incidence of kratom use disorder and other side effects among traditional users in Southeast Asia 81–85.
- Importantly, the existence of polysubstance abuse is a key risk factor predisposing patients to toxicity and death and has been estimated to occur in 87% of cases 119.
- The FDA has not approved kratom for medical use and prohibits its sale as a prescription or over-the-counter drug, dietary supplement, or food additive.
Though kratom addiction isn’t as urgent as opioids, there have been cases where people addicted to kratom started showing psychosis symptoms such as hallucinations, delusion, and confusion. If kratom is used with other stimulants, such as caffeine, its effects will be worse. Likewise, if it is taken with any other substances that cause sedation, it can worsen that effect and even lead to respiratory depression and breathing trouble. The FDA also warns people Kratom overview against taking kratom due to side effects such as nausea, constipation, dizziness, liver problems, and, in rare cases, death. Safety issues are also a serious concern, as kratom products may have contaminants such as heavy metals and harmful bacteria.
Kratom Strains
Kratom is legal in the U.S. but is not regulated and is a drug of concern due to its potential for abuse and addiction. The long-term health effects of kratom use, kratom use during pregnancy, and the safety profile of kratom use while operating machinery or while consuming other substances (prescription or recreational) are not well understood. There is some evidence to suggest kratom use during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
An evaluation of adverse drug reactions and outcomes attributed to kratom in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System from January 2004 through September 2021. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.




